A token becomes a conditioned reinforcer because it is paired with:
a. establishing operations
b. backup reinforcers
c. the occurrence of desirable behavior
d. A and B
b
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Fourth-grade teacher Julie Farraday finds that her students are very eager to be helpful. They seem to care about being productive and involved in the class, as well as in their school. Farraday's students are best described at which stage of psychosocial development?
a. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt b. Trust vs. mistrust c. Initiative vs. guilt d. Identity vs. role diffusion e. Industry vs. inferiority
The concept that neurons refine their many connections based on which ones are most successful is known as ____
a. natural selection b. evolution c. survival of the fittest d. neural Darwinism
The authors of the text comment that the abstract should probably be written _____ although most authors usually write it _____
a. last; first b. second; first c. first; last d. first; second
The theory stating that behaviors are motivated by an organism's attempts to reduce tension from conditions such as hunger or thirst and return the body to a state of balance is called __________ theory
a) drive-reduction b) homeostatic c) needs d) disequilibrium