Describe the significant court cases that have had an impact on the practice of probation and parole.

What will be an ideal response?


• Escoe v. Zerbst: Argued that the revocation of probation without notice or hearing was permissible.
• Mempa v. Rhay: Notice and a hearing are required before probation may be revoked and probationers should have the opportunity for representation by counsel.
• Morrissey v. Brewer: Procedural safeguards are required at parole revocation hearings.
• Gagnon v. Scarpelli: Extended the safeguards identified in Morrissey v. Brewer to probationers.
• Greenholtz v. Nebraska: Established that parole boards do not have to specify the evidence used in deciding to deny parole.
• Bearden v. Georgia: Established that probation cannot be revoked for failure to pay a fine and make restitution if it cannot be shown that the defendant is responsible for the failure.
• Minnesota v. Murphy: States that incriminating statements to a probation officer may be used as evidence if the probationer does not specify a right against self-incrimination.
• Griffin v. Wisconsin: The Supreme Court held that probation officers may conduct a search of a probationer’s residence without a warrant or probable cause.
• Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott: The Griffin decision was applied to parolees.
• U.S. v. Knights: Extended the warrantless search authority reserved for probation and parole officers to the police when supported by reasonable suspicion and authorized by the conditions of probation.
• Samson v. California: Police officers may conduct warrantless searches of individuals subject to parole search conditions.

Criminal Justice

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Prior to landmark decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court in juvenile justice, juveniles were interrogated by police at length without parental notification or legal counsel.

Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)

Criminal Justice

Reasonable suspicion can be based on a tip from an informer only if the tip:

a. satisfies both prongs on the Aguilar two-prong test. b. carries some indicia of reliability. c. is anonymous. d. is from an informant involved in criminal activity.

Criminal Justice

_________ generally have the power of executive clemency whose exercise usually involves a recommendation from the parole board

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Criminal Justice

Which of the following is NOT a link in Travis Hirschi’s causal chain?

A) rejection of school’s authority B) academic incompetence C) poor parental performance D) dislike of school

Criminal Justice