Briefly discuss how Skinner's principles of operant conditioning can be applied to the structure and development of personality, and compare them to Bandura's social-cognitive theory viewpoint
What will be an ideal response?
Skinner's views on personality were similar to his views on all other human behavior; it is learned through conditioning. He had little interest in unobservable cognitive processes and embraced a strong determinism, asserting that behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli. Personality, according to Skinner, is based in response tendencies and acquired through learning over the course of the lifespan.
Bandura developed social learning theory focusing on how cognitive factors such as expectancies regulate learning. He proposed that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another. His theory of observational learning holds that behavior is shaped by exposure to models, or a person whose behavior is observed.
Bandura has emphasized self-efficacy in his research, referring to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. He believed that self-efficacy (or lack thereof) influences which challenges people tackle and how well they perform.
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The abstract of a journal article provides
a. a concise summary of the entire article. b. an overview of the research problem, relevant theories, and previous research. c. a description of the research methods used in the study. d. a concise summary of the raw data and statistical analyses.
A person is more likely to be jealous in situations where his/her partner is flirting with someone who has characteristics similar to their own
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false
The field study by Piliavin, Rodin, and Piliavin (1969) on bystander intervention showed that
a. people were more likely to help an ill victim than a drunk victim. b. people were less likely to intervene when a crowd was present. c. people were more likely to help a white victim than a black victim. d. victim characteristics were not related to helping behavior.
Which of these is an example of naturalistic observation?
A) testing a rat running a maze B) counting how often a group of children talk to each other C) watching a person memorize a list of items in a laboratory D) giving a personalitytest to a group of adolescents