I am trying to train my dog Fido to sit. Every time he sits, I give him a dog cookie. Before I can get the behavior perfectly every time, Fido wanders off and jumps in the nearby lake. What has most likely happened here?
a. I have become negatively reinforcing to my dog
b. he experiences sitting as punishment
c. he has become satiated on dog cookies
d. none of the above
C
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Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Episodes are long term and not episodic. 2. Encounters are not well defined and generally involve specific roles and boundaries between participants. 3. Creswell noted that there are several different types of interviews: unstructured, semi-structured and structured. 4. Structured interviews are planned and every participant is asked the same set of questions. 5. A qualitative researcher may take on the role of: complete participant; participant as observer; covert participant; or complete observer in naturalistic observation.
A model of leadership where one person takes initiative for engaging in the change process, and she or he recruits others with similar vision and dedication to work together toward shared goals is referred to as:
a. distributed leadership. b. participatory leadership. c. program leadership. d. systemic leadership.
Which of the following are ways researchers and test users can reduce measurement error and improve reliability?
a. Administer the instrument under standardized conditions. b. Use heterogeneous respondent samples to increase the variance of observed scores. c. Increase the length of the test by adding items that are (ideally) parallel to those that are already in the test. d. All of the above.
Brothers Sam, age 7, and Ben, age 9, are always fighting. The clinician Ali decides to observe the interactions between Sam and his brother Ben at home. She notes the antecedents and consequences of their fights. Ali asked her colleague, Veronica, to observe Sam and Ben at the same time. There was a high rate of agreement in what they observed. From this we can say that there was a high rate of:
A. Validity. B. Test-retest reliability. C. Inter-rater reliability. D. Diagnostic reliability.