An 86-year-old male client is disappointed to learn that he has class II heart failure despite a lifelong commitment to exercise and healthy eating. Which of the following age-related changes predisposes older adults to developing heart failure?
A) Increased vascular stiffness
B) Orthostatic hypotension
C) Increased cardiac contractility
D) Loss of action potential
Ans: A
Feedback:
Increased vascular stiffness in older adults causes a progressive increase in systolic blood pressure with advancing age, which in turn contributes to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and altered diastolic filling. A loss of action potential does not typically accompany aging, and contractility tends to decrease as a result of cardiac stiffness. Orthostatic hypotension is neither a normal age-related change nor a cause of heart failure.
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