What is an ecological fallacy? How do you avoid it?
What will be an ideal response?
(i) An ecological fallacy, also known as aggregation bias, is a fallacy that is committed when individual level conclusions are drawn from aggregate level data. The existence of a relationship at the aggregate level does not mean that there is also a relationship at the individual level. (ii) Use the unit of analysis of your data to determine how you phrase the pattern you see.
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The spread of democracy has
a. consistently increased over the years. b. consistently decreased over the years. c. been consistently static over the years. d. achieved the status of being taken as generally right. e. been most affected by the shift of Russia from "partly free" to "free.".
The rules, customs, and procedures in Congress are designed to ______.
A. make it very difficult to pass bills and resolve differences between the chambers B. empower members to pursue their policy and electoral goals C. resolve or deflect conflicts so members can get on with the business of legislating D. ease the passage of bills so that Congress can get more work done in a short period of time
Which of the following does NOT characterize the Indian policy-making process?
a. When the prime minister's party or bloc of parties controls the legislature, the passage of most legislation is ensured except in very controversial manners. b. Well-designed national policies are often not implemented because they face resistance from vested interests at all levels, and these interests may simply drag their feet or even actively sabotage the implementation process. c. In order to get some major controversial legislation passed, the government often has to compromise and modify its position. d. Civil servants, both in individual ministries and in cross-ministry offices, play a major role in presenting alternative solutions to political leaders. e. Of the two legislative chambers, the Rajya Sabha can act as the major roadblock in the policy-making process, because its assent is required in the passage of all legislative bills.
A device that allows a person to vote in the primary of either party without presenting any evidence that he or she belongs to that party is:
A. cross filing. B. the Australian ballot. C. the closed primary. D. the open primary.