By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the bell was the ________
a. conditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned stimulus
c. unconditioned response
d. conditioned response
Answer: d
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Which explanation for panic disorder would most likely be offered by a cognitive-behavioral theorist?
a. "A malfunction in the receptors monitoring oxygen in the blood causes the patient to feel that he or she is suffocating when, in fact, he or she isn't." b. "Abnormalities of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain cause a person to feel mounting anxiety that leads to a panic attack.". c. "When ego defenses have weakened because of overuse, forbidden sexual impulses threaten to break into consciousness, causing an attack.". d. "When small changes in the body are misinterpreted as dreadful events, these beliefs start a positive-feedback loop that brings on an attack.".
Traditionally, European college students began their majors upon enrollment for their freshman year and did not spend their first two years studying general education. For many European college students, it generally took ____ years to earn a college degree.
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
If both samples have the same number of scores (n), then the independent-measures t statistic will have df = 2n - 2
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Measurement error refers to
a. errors researchers make in transcribing data. b. problems researchers face when their unconscious biases influence data collection. c. errors that occur when researchers make imprecise measurements. d. problems due to nonsampling error.