Which of the following defense mechanisms are involved in the protection of the respiratory system? (Select all that apply.)
a. Surfactant reduces surface tension and helps to keep the alveoli open.
b. Snoring helps to protect the airway while sleeping.
c. Sneezing helps to expel foreign particles.
d. Swallowing helps to remove foreign particles from the airway.
e. Mucus produced by goblet cells helps to trap foreign particles.
f. Coughing is a respiratory defense mechanism used to keep the airway open.
A, C, D, E, F
There are several mechanism involved in the protection of the respiratory system. The bronchi trap foreign particles that are inhaled from the environment, are swept away up by the bronchial cilia, and trapped by mucous produced by the goblet cells that line the bronchus. In addition, the type II pneumocytes produce a substance called surfactant that reduces surface tension of the alveoli. These alveoli have a natural tendency to collapse on expiration and the surfactant helps to keep them open. Other defense mechanisms to assist with expelling foreign particles include sneezing, coughing and swallowing.
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