Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. Paul Lazarsfeld’s study on how information influenced Erie County voters during the 1940 presidential election found that media messages rarely changed voters’ minds about candidates.
2. Limited effects theory argued that the influence of media messages were limited to certain demographics.
3. Positive behaviors tend to get much more attention than the negative influences of media.
4. Researchers found that people’s class, race, gender, and other social characteristics were associated with how they tended to interpret, understand, and react to media content.
5. The media’s organization of a story only involves the order in which journalists tell the story.


1. True
2. False
3. False
4 True.
5. False

Communication & Mass Media

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