What are the stages of spelling development? How might knowledge of stages be applied to instruction?
What will be an ideal response?
All stages that lead up to and include spelling development are as follows (though technically the earliest stage that truly incorporates spelling is the prealphabetic stages):
1 Random scribbling, 18 months
2 Wordlike scribbling, 3 years
3 Prealphabetic (prephonemic), 4 to 5 years
4 Early alphabetic (early letter name, 4 to 6+ years
5 Alphabetic (letter name), 5 to 7+ years
6 Consolidated alphabetic (within word pattern or orthographic), 6 to 7+ years
7 Syllable juncture (conventional spelling), 8 to 10+ years
8 Derivational constancy (advanced spelling), 10 to 20+ years
Student answers will vary regarding how knowledge of stages may be applied to instruction. Teachers may improve instruction by understanding how speech sounds are formed and how words and letters are recognized; using graphic elements early on to represent a word, syllable, or sound; acknowledging that certain conventions are recognized later on; and teaching spelling based on three levels of understanding—alphabetic, pattern, and meaning. They should expose children to reading and writing materials and encourage exploration. They determine student levels by analyzing samples of writing (possibly using the Elementary Spelling Inventory) and understanding which skills and abilities are demonstrated in each step.
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