Which of the following is least likely to indicate the need for noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the acute care setting?
a. Paradoxical breathing
b. Jugular venous distention
c. Respiratory rate more than 25/min
d. Use of accessory muscles
ANS: B
Signs and symptoms of respiratory distress include use of accessory muscles, paradoxical breath-ing, a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/min or greater, and the presence of moderate to severe dysp-nea.
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