A researcher wants to examine the changes in the stability of friendship between first and third grade. Should the researcher use a cross-sectional or a longitudinal design? Explain your choice. Give the advantages and disadvantages of each design
What will be an ideal response?
A good answer will be similar to the following:
A longitudinal study would involve looking at children's friendships in first grade. Later, when the same children were in third grade, researchers could see how many friendships still existed. A cross-sectional study might involve asking a group of first-graders and a group of third-graders questions about the stability of their friendships. The main advantage of a cross-sectional research design is that it can be done in a relatively short period of time and at a much lower cost than a longitudinal study. The major disadvantage is that cohort effects may be present which make it difficult to draw conclusions about developmental change. The main advantage of longitudinal research designs is that cohort effects are eliminated and actual stability and change can be studied. The major disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that they are expensive. Other disadvantages include the lack of sample constancy over the course of the study as participants drop out and the development of "test-wise" participants.
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A cognitive psychologist is proposing a study of the effectiveness of several forms of therapy for treating anorexia nervosa. She sends her proposal to the ethics committee for review. Although the committee approves the proposal from an ethics standpoint
one of the committee members writes her a note saying, "Be aware of the allegiance effect." What will this note mean to the psychologist in regard to her proposal? a. Clients will show greater recovery when they are treated by the same therapists across time. b. Clients will work hard to recover to demonstrate that their choice of therapist is indeed the best. c. Because she is a cognitive therapist she is more likely to find that form of therapy to be the most successful. d. Funding agencies will be more likely to give grants to researchers who are responsive to the needs of the granting agency.
Professor Booth calls on Jessamyn to state the definition of “intelligence.” She responds by describing intelligence as “the ability to understand complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, learn from experience, communicate quickly and efficiently, and overcome obstacles.” Which part of her definition is inaccurate?
a. ?understand complex ideas b. ?communicate quickly and efficiently c. ?overcome obstacles d. ?adapt effectively to the environment
The brain senses ________ by the level of neural activity produced in the retina and passed along the neural pathways
a. movement b. afterimages c. brightness d. color e. distance
Raven is less concerned about others' expectations than she was in her thirties. She is now more concerned with following her own standards. Raven exhibits
A) generativity. B) autonomy. C) environmental mastery. D) stagnation.