Identify three major stimulants and indicate what neurotransmitter(s) they primarily affect. Pick one and describe its negative effects on the brain and/or body.
What will be an ideal response?
Cocaine blocks reuptake of serotonin and dopamine in the synapse, increasing their availability. Negative effects of cocaine use include impaired memory, decision making, and impulse control as well as poor ability reading emotional stimuli. Cocaine can also cause seizures (due to selective tolerance), and long-term effects include reductions in gray matter in the prefrontal and temporal areas. Amphetamines increase the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and mimic epinephrine. Amphetamines create delusions and hallucinations that can resemble schizophrenia. Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, which results in the release of dopamine and acetylcholine. Caffeine produces arousal but can be addictive and result in medical issues in people like Honoré de Balzac, described in the introduction to the chapter.
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Which of the following factors has been shown to be the most important in recovery from exposure to trauma?
a. child factors such as a positive attitude and personality b. relationship factors such as stable attachment figures c. sociocultural factors such as religious beliefs d. All of these factors are important.
"As children acquire the language of their culture, they also adopt the psychological tools imbedded in the language." This statement is most consistent with which of the following theories?
A) Ethological theory B) Social learning theory C) Sociocultural theory D) Cognitive-developmental theory
Which of the following is not a criterion for theoretical understanding in core domains, as proposed by Wellman and Gelman (1992, 1998)?
a. causal explanations unique to the domain b. unobservable explanatory constructs c. coherent organization d. domain content contains both concrete and abstract information
Which of the following is not one of the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome?
a. resistance b. alarm c. exhaustion d. maintenance