In which of the following ways did W. Miller’s (2001) conclusions about gang activity in the United States differ from findings from federal commissions at the time?

A. Miller found gangs to be a MORE serious societal issue than the federal commissions found.
B. Miller found gangs to be a LESS serious societal issue than the federal commissions found.
C. The federal commissions found gang activity to have grown substantially since the 1970s while Miller did not.
D. Miller found gang activity to be concentrated in middle-class areas, while the federal commissions found it to be concentrated in urban slums.


A. Miller found gangs to be a MORE serious societal issue than the federal commissions found.

Criminal Justice

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According to routine activities theory, which of the following elements is not necessary for a criminal act to occur?

a. The presence of a capable guardian b. The presence of a motivated offender c. The absence of a capable guardian d. The presence of a suitable target

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Indicate whether the statement is true or false

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A statement by a juvenile to the person giving counsel is

A. something to write down B. not admissible C. admissible D. none of the above

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