All of the following are reasons Beccaria cited against the use of capital punishment EXCEPT ______.
a. the brutalization effect
b. punishment should not precede the sentence
c. ineffective deterrent
d. violated the social contract
b. punishment should not precede the sentence
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Some argue that the judges are reluctant to use this amendment because it's language is vague, never defining what specific rights are protected
a. Ninth Amendment b. 11th Amendment c. 10th Amendment d. 13th Amendment
Developing policies with the purpose of improving the physical and social environments to decrease crime is an example of which of the following theories:
a. demonological b. classical/neoclassical c. ecological d. economic
Name at least two risk factors for human trafficking at the country level.
What will be an ideal response?
Which was NOT a characteristic of the offenders who committed the most crime in Peter Greenwood's research on selective incapacitation?
a. A recent history of unemployment b. A conviction before the age of sixteen c. Previous commitment to a juvenile institution d. Becoming a parent before the age of twenty