This spring, Michael will go to Europe or travel through China, and he will keep a daily
journal.
a. E ? C • J c. E ? (C • J)
b. (E ? C) • J d. (E • C) ? J
B
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Throughout this test, write your answer on the form provided. Erasure marks may cause the grading machine to mark your answer wrong. INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each. We are immersed in life. We breathe it in, we walk on it, we touch it. Each footstep on a fertile lawn or forest
mat will send tremors to trillions of bacteria, millions of algae, fungi, and protozoa, and hundreds of insects and worms. The skin on our bodies, when viewed microscopically, is a teeming matrix of tiny caverns filled with bacteria, viruses, and mites. So dense are the unseen life forms on our bodies that they form an almost complete shell about each of us. Gary S. Moore, Living with the Earth, 3rd ed. A) Argument; conclusion: Each footstep on a fertile lawn ... of insects and worms. B) Nonargument. C) Argument; conclusion: We breathe it in, we walk on it, we touch it. D) Argument; conclusion: We are immersed in life. E) Argument; conclusion: So dense are the unseen life forms ... about each of us.
INSTRUCTIONS: Select the answer that best characterizes each immediate inference. Adopt the Aristotelian standpoint for these problems. Some happy endings are not unplanned outcomes. Therefore, some planned outcomes are not unhappy endings
A) Valid, no fallacy. B) Invalid, illicit conversion. C) Invalid, illicit contraposition. D) Invalid, illicit obversion. E) Invalid, illicit subcontrary.
Which of the following describes the undesirable contamination of the environment by human activities?
a. Resource depletion b. Greenhouse effect c. Pollution d. Global warming
INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each. No taggers are publicly spirited citizens, because all taggers are criminals, and no criminals are publicly spirited citizens
A) Inductive, cogent. B) Deductive, invalid. C) Deductive, valid. D) Inductive, weak. E) Inductive, strong.