What has been the primary criticism of the majority of research studies finding that personality traits are consistent across different places and cultures?
A. The fact that this approach tends to reflect a view of the self that is made up of a collection of non-Western, collectivist traits
B. The fact that only those studies that were conducted under the auspices of a university psychology department were included, and thus they did not reflect societies with fewer economic advantages
C. The fact that the researchers were all white and all male, and thus they had a very jaded view of the research data they collected
D. The fact that this approach tends to reflect a view of the self that is made up of a collection of Western, individualistic traits
Answer: D
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Order the following from broad to narrow.
A. Phenomenon > Theory > Hypothesis B. Hypothesis > Theory > Phenomenon C. Phenomenon > Hypothesis > Theory D. Theory > Phenomenon > Hypothesis
Professor Batsell notices that one of his students seems to frame her participation in the course in terms of being judged favorably by fellow students and avoiding his criticism. It is likely that the student:
a. is motivated by performance goals. b. feels intrinsic pleasure in the course material she is mastering. c. follows the motto "Try, try again" when her first effort doesn't succeed. d. regards failure as a source of useful information to help her improve.
According to Piaget, in which stage, between ages two and seven, does children's use of symbolic thinking grow, mental reasoning emerge, and use of concepts increase?
a) Concrete operational b) Preoperational c) Abstract operational d) Symbolic functioning