Explain the concept of freedom.
What will be an ideal response?
Freedom is directly linked with the concept of dread. Freedom means that there is no structured design and that clients are solely responsible for their own choices and actions. Sartre (1956) cogently stated that the human being is “condemned to freedom”. This existential view of freedom has terrifying implications. If we actually are the only ones responsible for creating our own being, then this also means there is nothing if we fail. We create ourselves or fall into the abyss.
The concept of freedom encompasses many themes with strong implications for addiction counseling with the most obvious being responsibility. Individuals differ in regard to how willing they are to accept responsibility. For example, some individuals displace responsibility for their situation onto other people, whereas others deny responsibility by portraying themselves as “innocent victims” who suffer from external events. Another aspect of freedom is the concept of willing. Willing is the passage from responsibility to action, and as May (1969) stated, it consists first of wishing and then deciding. Psychopathology (such as addiction) has some implications here. For instance, impulsivity is the avoidance of wishing by failing to discriminate among wishes and instead acting impulsively and promptly on all wishes. The addicted individual may be struggling with numerous stressors and desires them all eradicated, no matter how impractical. Consequently, the impulsive actions of substance use basically wipes the wishing slate clean without the need to take action—in essence, all the benefits of wish fulfillment without any of the work.
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After reducing Ricardo's initial computer anxiety, his computer behavior is being maintained on which type of schedule?
a. Fixed interval c. Variable interval b. Fixed ratio d. Variable ratio
Looking for rules and norms in the group setting happens in what stage, according to Kottler?
a. Induction b. Experimental engagement c. Cohesive engagement d. Disengagement
Which of the following is NOT a guiding assumption listed by the authors in their consideration of psychological maltreatment?
a. PM occurs alone, but is also associated with all other forms, occurrences, and outcomes of child maltreatment. b. prevention of other forms of abuse and neglect will be inadequate until their PM components are recognized and incorporated in interventions. c. the goal of preventing OM can advance child protection toward the recommended promotion of good child caregiving and primary prevention d. recognition of PM should be put ahead of prevention and intervention of other forms of maltreatment because it is so interconnected
Which of the following specific student groups such as African Americans and Native Americans have been underserved in the education system, and are overrepresented in special education referrals and discipline records
a. Asian Americans b. African Americans c. Latino Americans d. Native Americans e. b. and d. f. b. and c. g. All of the above