What is the mechanism by which binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to upregulated gene transcription?
A. Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to the activation of a G protein that stimulates the activation of enzymes that promote gene transcription.
B. Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to the opening of an ion channel that leads to an increase in calcium in the cytoplasm. The increased calcium levels activate calmodulin, which can go on to activate other proteins that promote gene transcription.
C. Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to the increase in second messengers that activate a kinase cascade, ultimately leading to the activation of transcription factors that promote gene transcription.
D. Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor activates guanylyl cyclase, and the resulting cGMP promotes gene transcription.
E. Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to a conformational change that allows the receptor to enter the nucleus where it can bind to DNA and promote gene transcription.
Answer: E
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