Mammals, like humans and apes, have five digits on their fore and hind limbs. Modern horses have one. How might you reconstruct the ancestral state of mammal toe number?
A. Investigate the number of toes on all extant horses and apes.
B. Investigate the number of toes for other mammals and use parsimony to deduce the ancestral state.
C. Investigate the number of toes for an outgroup that is closely related to mammals, for example reptiles or amphibians.
D. Either b or c
E. All of the above
Answer: D. Either b or c
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