Discuss the importance of Cesare Beccaria to criminal justice today.
What will be an ideal response?
The Enlightenment of the late 18th century led the way for a reexamination of the factors related to crime and punishment. A little known Italian by the name of Cesare Beccaria published a book in 1764 titled Dei Delitti E Delle Pene (On Crimes and Punishments), which generated dialogue for reforming the penitentiary system. Beccaria, for the first time in history, presented a system of crimes and punishment based on the concept of a contractual society. Up to that point, religion was the only lens through which people understood crime and punishment. By creating this new understanding based on the contractual society, Beccaria created the first, the classical, school of thought on crimes and punishment. Beccaria argued that for people to live in relative peace, they must give up some of their liberties to the government so that criminal laws may be established and offenders may be punished. These laws must come from the legislature. The role of the judge in a criminal case is to simply mete out justice. The guiding principles for a justice system should be the presumption of innocence and the protection of the rights of all parties involved. In terms of punishments, then, Beccaria wrote that they should be based on retribution for the harm done to the individual, proportionate to the seriousness of the crime, and prompt and certain. Ultimately, Beccaria believed that the purpose of criminal law is to prevent crimes rather than to punish criminals.
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A) Trauma-informed victim approach B) High-risk victim approach C) Team approach D) Victim-centered approach
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What occurs during the recoil stage of the crisis reaction process?
What will be an ideal response?
In which court case did the Supreme Court assert that law enforcement officials cannot examine a home with a thermal-imaging device unless they obtain a warrant?
A. Maryland v. King(2013) B. Riley v. California(2014) C. United States v. Jones(2012) D. King v Wells(2013) E. Kyllo v. United States (2001)