In 1990, the Federal Hate Crime Statistics Act was passed, mandating that the Justice Department secure data on crimes related to religion, race, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. Although the laws vary considerably, the most common elements include all of the following except:
a. Enhanced penalties for common law crimes against persons based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation
b. Criminal penalties for vandalism of religious institutions
c. Expanded criminal investigation strategies
d. Collection of data on bias crimes
c
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Section 218 of the USA PATRIOT Act was passed to address the so-called “wall” established due to fears stemming from _____.
A) the FISA Act B) the Homeland Security Act C) The First Amendment D) Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution
Juvenile courts do not have jurisdiction over noncriminal status offenders
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false
A form of conspiracy that typically arises on cases of narcotic or contraband distribution.
a. joint conspiracy b. chain conspiracy c. hierarchical conspiracy d. circle conspiracy
Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)
1. Offenses defined by public health laws that impose criminal penalties are generally “strict liability” offenses. 2. Prior to 1980, government agencies relied primarily on criminal penalties as a tool to enforce environmental regulations. 3. The “responsible corporate officer” doctrine was originally applied in public health cases, but it is now also being applied by the courts in respect to environmental crimes. 4. Under the doctrine of ferae naturae each state has the exclusive authority to regulate the taking of migratory birds.