Describe the process of atherosclerosis and discuss two possible complications for the affected
individual. What will be an ideal response?
Concepts to consider: LDLs enter the inner layer of arteries and are phagocytized by macrophages
which then become foam cells. The foam cells lead to the development of fatty streaks in the arterial
walls. Smooth muscle fibers and connective tissue fibers migrate to the inner lining of the wall, along
with white blood cells which produce substances that cause chronic inflammation of the wall. The
buildup of these various cells and substances form the atherosclerotic plaque, which reduces the
diameter of the artery and may eventually block it completely. The plaque also causes the walls to lose
their ability to stretch.
As a consequence, tissues downstream from the plaque receive less blood and consequently less
oxygen and nutrients. This may cause angina pectoris (chest pains) or even a myocardial infarction
(heart attack). If a portion of the plaque breaks open, platelets may adhere and produce a clot, or
thrombus. In the heart this can lead to cardiac arrest. In the brain this can lead to a stroke.
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What marks the 5? end of an ORF in a DNA sequence?
a. the stop codon TAG b. the stop codon TAA c. the start codon AUG d. the start codon ATG e. the promoter region containing a consensus sequence
According to the acid-growth hypothesis, auxin causes increased acidity in cell walls, which then
activates ____ that disrupt(s) bonds between cellulose microfibrils, allowing cell expansion.
a. a membrane potential b. AUX1 transporters c. proteins called expansins d. an mRNA e. K+ ions
A cotyledon is
A. a nutritional resource for the embryo plant. B. a spore-like structure used for reproduction in plants. C. the first leaf structure to arise in the embryo of an angiosperm. D. a part of the fruit tissues of the plant. E. both a nutritional resource and the first leaf for the embryonic plant.
During S phase, chromosomes are converted to what form?
A) chromatin B) karyotypes C) centrosomes D) sister chromatids