Three types of nitrogenous wastes formed from the breakdown of protein are pictured in the diagram. 
a- Explain the relationship of the water needed to excrete the wastes and the energy required to produce the wastes.b- How is the energy needed to produce the waste and the water needed to eliminate the waste related to the nature of each waste product?c- Tell what types of organism produce each type of waste.
What will be an ideal response?
There is an inverse relationship between the water needed to excrete the waste and the energy needed to produce the waste. The amino groups produced in the breakdown of proteins immediately form ammonia. Little to no energy is used to produce ammonia, as indicated in the diagram. However, ammonia is very toxic and, if used as an excretory product, requires that much water is available to wash it out of and away from the body. Therefore, fish and other aquatic animals excrete ammonia.
Uric acid is on the other end of the spectrum. Much energy is required to produce uric acid, but little water is needed to excrete uric acid. It is not very toxic, nor is it very soluble in water. These are advantages in an environment where water must be conserved. Uric acid is excreted by insects, reptiles, and birds.
Urea is in between ammonia and uric acid in water required and energy expended during its production. Since urea is not very toxic, it can be excreted in moderately concentrated solution. Adult amphibians, sharks, and mammals usually excrete urea as their main nitrogenous waste.
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Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Duplicated chromosomes linked together at their centromeres at the beginning of meiosis are appropriately called what
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