Research articles may be considered fraudulent in which of the following instances? (Select all that apply.)
a. The person who designed the study and performed all of the research is not mentioned as an author.
b. The authors hired someone other than themselves to collect, analyze, and interpret the data.
c. Graduate students collected the data but did not analyze it.
d. A statistician was hired to perform all of the statistical tests.
e. Both quantitative and qualitative results were reported in the same article.
f. The authors used another researcher's raw data without permission.
ANS: A, B, F
Editors of journals have a major role in monitoring and preventing research misconduct in the published literature. Friedman identified criteria for classifying a publication as fraudulent, questionable, or valid. According to these criteria, research articles were classified as "fraudulent if there was documentation or testimony from coauthors that the publication did not reflect what had actually been done." Articles were questionable if no coauthor could produce the original data or if no coauthor had personally observed or performed each phase of the research or participation. A research article was considered valid "if some coauthor had personally performed or participated in each aspect of the research and publication."
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