What problem is likely to occur when a client's fluid intake is so low that his or her urine output is less than 400 mL/day?
A. Cellular swelling and subsequent edema
B. Reduced excretion of body wastes, especially nitrogen
C. Expansion of the interstitial volume, with reduced plasma volume
D. Dilution of serum sodium levels to the extent that excitable membranes can no longer depolarize
B
A minimum urine output of 400 to 600 mL/day is needed to rid the body of nitrogenous wastes and extra solute. This minimum output is called "obligatory volume." Urine output changes to match fluid intake. When intake is insufficient to allow a urine output of at least the obligatory volume, waste products are retained and can accumulate to toxic levels.
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