The nurse is explaining the alteration in normal function to a client recently diagnosed with gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD). Which etiology contributing to GERD will the nurse include in the teaching session?
A) Transient constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter
B) Decreased pressure within the stomach
C) Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
D) Prolonged constriction of the upper esophageal sphincter
Answer: C
An incompetent lower esophageal sphincter remains open, allowing gastric acid to reflux into the esophagus. The lower esophageal sphincter is normally constricted except during swallowing. Increased pressure in the stomach can cause acid to reflux into the esophagus. The action of the upper esophageal sphincter is not a cause of GERD.
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