What is a cognitive interview and how does it differ from the "standard" police interview?
What will be an ideal response?
Answers may vary.The police often want more information from eyewitnesses than those witnesses can provide. So psychologists have devised ways to enhance information gathering. The cognitive interview is an interviewing protocol based on various concepts of memory retrieval and social communication. Before describing the cognitive interview, we describe a standard police interview so you can understand why a new method was needed.A "standard" police interview relies on a predetermined set of questions with little opportunity for follow-up, an expectation that the witness will be willing and able to answer all of the questions, repeated interruptions, and time constraints. By contrast, in a cognitive interview, the interviewer first engages the witness in order to develop rapport, then asks the witness to provide a narrative account of the event, and finally, probes for details with specific questions. The interviewer allows the witness to direct the subject matter and flow of the questioning, interrupts infrequently, and listens actively to the witness's responses.Perhaps the most distinctive element of a cognitive interview (and the reason for its name) is its reliance on a set of cues developed from research on memory retrieval. Cognitive psychologists have observed that reinstating the context in which a witness encoded an event provides retrieval cues and thereby increases accessibility of information stored in memory. With this objective in mind, the interviewer may cue a witness to mentally reconstruct the physical and emotional experiences that existed at the time of the crime. The interviewer may direct the witness to form an image of the situation, recollect sights, sounds, smells, and physical conditions (e.g., heat, cold, darkness), and recall any emotional reactions experienced at the time. When the witness has mentally reconstructed the event, the interviewer asks for a detailed narrative and then uses follow-up questions to probe for specific information. Witnesses are sometimes asked to recall events in different temporal orders (e.g., describing the event from the end to the beginning), from different perspectives, or from the point of view of different people.
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