For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once
Cells signal to one another in various ways.
Some use extracellular signal molecules that are dissolved gases, such as __________________, which can diffuse easily into cells. Others use cytokines, which bind to cytokine receptors. Cytokine receptors have no intrinsic enzyme activity but are associated with cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases called __________________s, which become activated on the binding of cytokine to its receptor and go on to phosphorylate and activate cytoplasmic transcriptional regulators called __________________s. Some intracellular signaling pathways involve chains of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other, as seen in the __________________ signaling module. Lipids can also relay signals in the cell, as we observe when phospholipase C cleaves the sugar-phosphate head off a lipid molecule to generate the two small messenger molecules __________________ (which remains embedded in the plasma membrane) and __________________ (which diffuses into the cytosol).
cyclic GMP MAP kinase STAT
diacylglycerol NO TGF?
IP3 Ras
JAK SMAD
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
Cells signal to one another in various ways. Some use extracellular signal molecules that are dissolved gases, such as NO, which can diffuse easily into cells. Others use cytokines, which bind to cytokine receptors. Cytokine receptors have no intrinsic enzyme activity but are associated with cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases called JAKs, which become activated on the binding of cytokine to its receptor and go on to phosphorylate and activate cytoplasmic transcriptional regulators called STATs. Some intracellular signaling pathways involve chains of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other, as seen in the MAP kinase signaling module. Lipids can also relay signals in the cell, as we observe when phospholipase C cleaves the sugar-phosphate head off a lipid molecule to generate the two small messenger molecules diacylglycerol (which remains embedded in the plasma membrane) and IP3 (which diffuses into the cytosol).
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As the result of exposure to a mutagen, cytosine is substituted for thymine in one strand of DNA. Upon subsequent DNA replication, one of the daughter cells will have a GC pair in this position instead of an AT pair. This is called a(n) ________ mutation.
A. insertion B. transition C. frameshift D. transversion
Describe how the effects of directional selection can be offset by gene flow.
What will be an ideal response?
Which of the following statements is false?
A. Differentiation of distinct cell types was a key step in the evolution of complex multicellularity. B. Complex multicellularity involves differentiation in space instead of time. C. Unicellular organisms can have life cycles where different cell types alternate in time. D. Distinct cell fates are achieved by switching on and off different combinations of genes in different cells. E. Gradients of environmental signals trigger differentiation of cells.
The ____________________ includes bones of the limbs, shoulders and hips. Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s)