How is a gradient of H+ ions formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
A. The electron transport chain uses energy from transfer of an electron donated by NADH to pump H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane against its electrochemical gradient.
B. ATP synthase generates a H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
C. Electrons move from NADH to a chain of proteins with lower electronegativities.
D. The electron transport chain uses ATP to pump H+ across the inner mitochondria membrane against its electrochemical gradient.
E. The electron transport chain of proteins contains pores that are leaky to H+.
D. The electron transport chain uses ATP to pump H+ across the inner mitochondria membrane against its electrochemical gradient.
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Use the following information and figure to answer the question below
In a review paper published in 2000, Adoutte et al. examined some animal phylogenies generated by comparing the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of animals from many different phyla. They then integrated these independently created phylogenies into one phylogeny that best fit all the data. The figure below compares a traditional phylogeny based on morphological characteristics (A) to the new molecular-based phylogeny described by Adoutte et al. (B). Note that platyhelminthes, nemerteans, and entoprocts, which do not have coeloms and are classified as acoelomates in the morphological phylogeny, are reclassified as lophotrochozoans in the molecular phylogeny. Similarly, groups classified as pseudocoelomates in the morphological phylogeny are reclassified as either lophotrochozoans or ecdysozoans in the molecular phylogeny; other lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans have coeloms. Copyright 2000 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. (A. Adoutte, G. Balavoine, N. Lartillot, O. Lespinet, B. Prud'homme, and R. de Rosa. 2000. The new animal phylogeny. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97(9):4453-56.) What does this reclassification based on molecular data imply about the evolution of acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates? A) Pseudocoelomates can be seen as an intermediate stage between acoelomate and coelomate development. B) Although acoelomates and pseudocoelomates evolved only once, coelomates evolved multiple times in different lineages. C) Only the animals that evolved earliest are acoelomates. D) Some pseudocoelomates and acoelomates have evolved from coelomates.
Centromeres are described by all of the following events except one. Select the exception
A. They divide in anaphase of mitosis. B. They connect sister chromatids. C. They attach chromosomes to spindle fibers. D. They cross over during prophase I of meiosis. E. There are no exceptions. All of these events describe centromeres
The protein-coding gene sequences in humans and chimpanzees
A. are about 80% alike. B. are about 50% alike. C. are more than 99% alike. D. are vastly different. E. are identical.
In humans, one set of chromosomes is made up of 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)