U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall's rulings almost single-handedly shaped constitutional interpretation
a. toward strict adherence to the literal text of the Constitution.
b. upholding individual civil liberties.
c. tipping the balance of power between Congress and the president toward the president.
d. toward favoring nationalistic centralism and curbing the powers of popularly elected state legislatures in national political and economic affairs.
e. in the direction of states' rights over the federal government.
d
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Like the Byzantine Emperors, the caliphs were ________
A) their faith's ultimate spiritual authorities B) secular, rather than religious leaders C) religious and spiritual leaders D) chosen by popular acclaim
The Thirty Years' War began as a/an ________
A. peasant uprising B. trade war between Bohemia and Saxony C. outgrowth of German interference in the Netherlands D. border dispute between Bavaria and Austria E. revolt of Protestant nobility against an unpopular king
Chinese Legalists placed farmers in a high rank, just below government officials, because
a. they were the backbone of the army. b. artists were placed lower because they bought what the farmers produced and depended on the farmer for income. c. merchants were placed lower, because they were neither producers nor laborers. d. farmers paid taxes. e. they were in the army and paid taxes.
Early Spanish settlements in North America were primarily located in which of the following areas?
a) Florida and New Mexico b) New England c) Virginia d) the Ohio River valley