Absolute contraindications for using noninvasive positive pressure ventilation include which of the following? 1. Hemodynamic instability 2. Uncooperative patient 3. Copious secretions 4. Need for airway protection
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 4 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 2, 3, and 4 only
ANS: B
Box 56-8 lists the absolute contraindications against using noninvasive positive pressure ventila-tion.
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