Explain the difference between testimony and real evidence, between lay witnesses and expert witnesses, and between direct and circumstantial evidence. Testimony is verbal evidence given by witnesses under oath. Real evidence is
What will be an ideal response?
o brought into the court and seen by the jury, as opposed to evidence that is described for a jury.
Lay witnesses can truthfully and accurately testify on a fact in question without having specialized training or knowledge. An expert witness has professional
o training or substantial experience qualifying her or him to testify on a certain
subject.
Direct evidence is evidence that establishes the existence of a fact that is in question without relying on inference. Circumstantial evidence is indirect
o evidence that is offered to establish, by inference, the likelihood of a fact that is
in question.
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Basic to all police reports but of special importance to complaint investigation reports are the requisites of accuracy and completeness. All allegations of misconduct made by the complainant must be answered
Each report should contain which of the following? a. Brief account of the complaint b. The details of the investigation of each and every accusation c. The findings d. All of the above
Which statement below is true regarding when a supervisor demonstrates expertise and technical competence?
a. It is one critical step a manager must take to elevate trustworthiness. b. Persons below that supervisor view such demonstrations as arrogant. c. It is an unnecessary component for leaders to show technical competence. d. When compared to delegation of responsibility, technical competence is unnecessary.
The term _____ refers to software that is used by hackers to carry out their illegal activities.
A. glitch B. bug C. spam D. malware
Imagine you have series of similar questions that measure the same concept. What could you use to average or sum the responses of each question?
A. a index or scale B. a categorical variable C. a dichotomous variable D. a set of discrete variables