List and briefly describe Thorndike’s two laws of learning
(1)
Answers:
1. The law of exercise—the more often a connection between a behavior and its consequence is made, the stronger the connection becomes
2. The law of effect—if a connection is followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” it will be strengthened, and, conversely, if it is followed by an “annoying state of affairs” it will be weakened
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What clinical assessment model is individualized, but is often subjective and lacks reliability?
a. Statistical decision-making model b. Clinical judgment c. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual d. American Psychiatric Association
When using a single assessment for diagnostic purposes counselors should:
a. Conduct clinical interview following testing to prevent contamination of data b. Consider it as only one part of the conceptualization c. Regard data as trustworthy if test is reliable and valid d. Always use achievement measures
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Trait approaches are sometimes criticized for being tautological in nature. 2. Allowing a child to choose which toys to play with in therapy would be an example of a production-expression technique. 3. Projective techniques are better used as clinical tools rather than as tests per se. 4. States are enduring, statistically derived dimensions used to explain personality characteristics, while traits are generally more transient or situation-dependent facets of personal adjustment. 5. Trait approaches to personality assessment only focus on clinical and pathological aspects of personality.
What are the goals of challenging?
What will be an ideal response?