Which of the following is a criticism of Freudian psychoanalysis by personality theorists?
a. We have more free will than Freud acknowledged, and we can choose to act and grow spontaneously.
b. We are influenced by our experiences before age 5 more than by the future that holds our hopes and plans.
c. To develop a theory of human personality, only the healthy, positive human qualities need to be studied.
d. Freud paid too much attention to the psychologically healthy and emotionally mature, to the exclusion of the emotionally disturbed.
ANS: A
FEEDBACK: Some theorists disagree with Freud's deterministic view of human nature, suggesting that we have more free will than Freud acknowledged, and that we can choose to act and grow spontaneously, and to be in at least partial control of our fate. These theorists argue that we are also influenced by the future, by our hopes and plans, as much as or more than by our experiences before age 5.
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