Which of the following types of health maintenance organizations (HMO) has private practice physicians contracting with the HMO to see HMO patients at a pre-negotiated rate?
A. Staff model HMO
B. Independent practice association (IPA)
C. Group model HMO
D. Point-of-service (POS)
Answer: B
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Viruses, like many good pathogens, have adapted to survive in their hosts. Which of the following scenarios would be MOST favorable to viral transmission and long term survival of the viral species?
A. Virus X enters a host cell, produces many progeny viruses (virions), and lyses the host cell. B. Virus X enters the host cell and merges viral DNA with the host DNA so that the virus is copied into all progeny host cells. C. Virus X enters the host cells, merges viral DNA with the host DNA until the host cell is stressed, and then begins to produce many virions eventually lysing the host cell. D. Virus X enters the host cell and consistently makes virions at a low level so that all host cell functions are not disrupted. E. Virus X enters the host cell, makes many progeny virions, and releases virions through exocytosis so that each virion is wrapped in the host cell plasma membrane. The host cell will eventually die or be targeted by the immune system for apoptosis.
Which of the following describes the basic scheme of the clock genes present in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus? Choose the correct option
A) An increased expression of immediate early genes plays a role in satisfying the higher metabolic demands of the awakened brain. B) Some of the genes from mitochondria are related to changes in synaptic strength and affect the expression of other genes. C) Clock genes perpetrate a cyclic negative feedback loop in which the clock gene expresses a protein whose presence decreases gene expression in a pattern consistent with circadian rhythms. D) The genes from mitochondria may be associated with the absence of learning and memory formation.
A client with newly diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the lung asks, "So how do we treat this cancer?" Which response from the health care provider is most accurate? Select all that apply
A) Surgery to remove tumor B) Radiation therapy C) Chemotherapy D) Stem cell transplant E) Monoclonal antibody
The ________ is the cause or origin of a disease
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word