Describe some of the characteristics that make the following processes irreversible:
(a) liquid water flowing through a pipe;
(b) a block of lead being melted from the heat of a furnace;
(c) air being compressed isothermally in a piston-cylinder assembly;
(d) hydrogen and oxygen reacting to form water.
What will be an ideal response?
Some features which make each case irreversible:
(a) Friction between the water and the pipe; viscosity of the water resulting in internal frictional losses
(b) Heat transfer over a finite temperature difference; phase change of the lead
(c) Heat transfer over a finite temperature difference (heat must be removed during compression to keep the process isothermal; friction between the piston and the cylinder.
(d) Mixing process between the hydrogen and oxygen; chemical reaction which will release heat; heat transfer over a finite temperature difference (between water and surroundings)
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