The nurse prepares to administer a glucocorticoid agent to a client with an inflammatory disorder. What is the nurse's understanding of the purpose of glucocorticoids in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?
A) Glucocorticoids cause the release of cytokines that downregulate the inflammatory response.
B) Glucocorticoids increase the number of active immune cells in the body.
C) Glucocorticoids stimulate the pituitary, decreasing inflammation.
D) Glucorticoids act with cytokines to decrease the inflammatory response.
D) Glucorticoids act with cytokines to decrease the inflammatory response.
Explanation: A) Cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands, and affects the immune cells, pituitary, and hypothalamus. The release of anti-inflammatory cytokines act with the release of glucocorticoids to attenuate the inflammatory response. Additionally, while the interaction between cortisol, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary attenuate inflammation, it is the hypothalamus which stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone, and not vise versa.
B) Cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands, and affects the immune cells, pituitary, and hypothalamus. The release of anti-inflammatory cytokines act with the release of glucocorticoids to attenuate the inflammatory response. Additionally, while the interaction between cortisol, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary attenuate inflammation, it is the hypothalamus which stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone, and not vise versa.
C) Cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands, and affects the immune cells, pituitary, and hypothalamus. The release of anti-inflammatory cytokines act with the release of glucocorticoids to attenuate the inflammatory response. Additionally, while the interaction between cortisol, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary attenuate inflammation, it is the hypothalamus which stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone, and not vise versa.
D) Cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands, and affects the immune cells, pituitary, and hypothalamus. The release of anti-inflammatory cytokines act with the release of glucocorticoids to attenuate the inflammatory response. Additionally, while the interaction between cortisol, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary attenuate inflammation, it is the hypothalamus which stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone, and not vise versa.
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