Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was triggered when the dog saw its dog dish, even before the food was placed in it. In this instance, the dog dish is the ________.
A) conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) unconditioned response
Answer: A) conditioned stimulus
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The common element among all exposure therapies is exposure to anxiety evoking stimuli without
a. psychoanalytic themes. b. feelings of anxiety. c. actual negative consequences. d. emotional demonstration.
Examining the effect of culture on the way people think, feel, and act is the focus of
a. abnormal psychology. b. multicultural psychology. c. psychopathology. d. the mental hygiene movement.
Researchers studying the effects of caffeine tested the reaction times of women who first drank either a beverage with caffeine or a decaffeinated version of the same beverage. In this study, the reaction time of each participant would be:
a. a placebo b. a confounding variable c. the independent variable d. the dependent variable
Bigelow's (1977) study examining friendships found that first-graders most frequently report ________ as the most important characteristic in a best friend
A) physical appearance B) common activities C) shared personal characteristics D) social status