The exact cause of breast cancer remains undetermined. Researchers have found that there are many common risk factors that increase a woman's chance of developing a malignancy
It is essential for the nurse who provides care to women of any age to be aware of which of the following risk factors (Select all that apply)?
a. Family history
b. Late menarche
c. Early menopause
d. Race
e. Nulliparity or first pregnancy after age 30
ANS: A, D, E
Family history, race, and nulliparity are known risk factors for the development of breast cancer. Other risk factors include age, personal history of cancer, high socioeconomic status, sedentary lifestyle, hormone replacement therapy, recent use of oral contraceptives, never having breastfed a child, and drinking more than one alcoholic beverage per day. Early menarche and late menopause are risk factors for breast malignancy, not late menarche and early menopause.
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