In those instances in which a sample statistic is not equal to a population parameter, there are two potential explanations for the mismatch. Which of the following is one potential reason for such a discrepancy?

A. Observed differences are due to a third variable, heretofore gone unnoticed by the researcher.
B. Observed differences are due to the adverse effects of standard error.
C. Any observed disparity might be due to a confounding.
D. Any observed disparity may be a meaningless fluke.


D. Any observed disparity may be a meaningless fluke.

Criminal Justice

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In Georgia, the typical caseload of an intensive supervision probation officer is ________

a. 40 probationers b. 120 probationers c. 500 probationers d. 240 probationers

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Who is the least likely person to read a police officer's daily log?

A. A lay witness B. The judge C. The jury D. The prosecutor or the defense attorney

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Rationalisations for fraud may include all of the following except:

a. the victims were greedy too; b. corporations can afford it; c. fraud is a ‘victimless’ crime; d. the fraudster is mentally ill/disordered and incapable of appreciating what they did was wrong.

Criminal Justice

Which of the following must be completed prior to the actual coding?

a. Cleaning b. Manipulation c. Editing d. Expurgation

Criminal Justice