What changes occurred for serfs and other forced laborers during this period?

Question

What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

A. Changes for serfs and forced laborers
1. forced labor dwindled in the nineteenth century
2. serfdom vanished bit by bit—often at the insistence of lords who thought
free peasants would be more economically efficient
a. Hapsburg Empire, Russia, Thailand
3. Japanese peasants became participants in an enlarged marketplace
a. individual farms tended to replace the traditional village collectives
4. convicts became substitutes for slaves
a. Australia alone, for instance, absorbed over 150,000 convicts from
Britain between 1788 and 1868
5. slaves' main successors worldwide were millions of coolies
a. laborers, mainly from poor communities in India and China, conned
or coerced at miserable wages for some of the era's most
demanding work in sugar plantations, tropical mines, and colonial
railway-building projects
6. forms of forced and dependent labor survived and spread
a. doubtful how far wage labor was morally superior to slavery
until governments allowed workers to organize in trade unions and
bargain collectively for their wages
7. massive migration was the final feature that helped to reshape the world's
labor force