The nurse is preparing a teaching session that focuses on Piaget's phases of cognitive development. In which order should the nurse present material about these phases?
1. Different viewpoints
2. Includes others in the environment.
3. Deductive and futuristic thinking and reasoning.
4. Discovery of new goals and ways to attain those goals.
Correct Answer: 4, 2, 1, 3
Piaget's cognitive developmental process is divided into four major phases; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. The sensorimotor phase lasts from birth to about 2 years of age. It includes reflexive actions, perceptions of events centered on the body, objects as an extension of self, mental acknowledgment of the external environment, and discovery of new goals and ways to attain those goals. The preoperational phase occurs from about 2 to 7 years of age and includes an egocentric approach to accommodate the demands of the environment. Everything is significant and relates to "me." The child is able to think of one idea at a time, can use words to express thoughts, and includes others in the environment. The concrete operations phase (about 7-11 years of age) involves a beginning understanding of relationships such as size, right and left, different viewpoints, and the ability to solve concrete problems. The formal operations phase may occur at about 11-15 years of age and includes the ability to use rational thinking and reasoning that is deductive and futuristic.
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