Explain Freud's techniques of free association and dream analysis
What will be an ideal response?
ANS: Looking for a technique other than hypnosis for helping a patient recall repressed material, Freud asked patients to lie on a couch while he sat behind it, out of sight. His reason for staying out of sight and hidden from the patients was both personal and professional. He called this technique free association. Freud encouraged his patients to relax and concentrate on events in the past. They were supposed to engage in a kind of daydreaming out loud, saying whatever came to mind. Patients were told to express spontaneously every idea and image exactly as it occurred, no matter how trivial, embarrassing, or painful the thought or memory might seem. The memories were not to be omitted, rearranged, or restructured.
Freud believed that dreams represent, in symbolic form, repressed desires, fears, and conflicts. So strongly have these feelings been repressed that they can surface only in disguised fashion during sleep. He argued that there were two aspects of dreams: the manifest content, which refers to the actual events in the dream; and the latent content, which is the hidden symbolic meaning of the dream. Over the years, Freud found consistent symbols in his patients' dreams, events that signified the same thing for nearly everyone. Dreams reveal conflicts in a condensed, intensified form. Dream events rarely result from a single cause, and any event in a dream can have many sources. Dreams may also have mundane origins.
Both of these Freudian assessment techniques—free association and dream analysis—reveal to the psychoanalyst a great deal of repressed material, but all of it is in disguised or symbolic form. The therapist then must interpret or translate the material for the patient.
You might also like to view...
A informs physicians and family members of a person's endoflife medical preferences
a. "do not resuscitate" order b. living will c. durable power of attorney d. directive of advice
Why are men with older brothers, but not men with older sisters or those who are only children, more likely to be gay??
a. ?Mothers are more likely to unknowingly treat their youngest sons like daughters. b. ?A mother’s heightened immune response with subsequent male-fetus pregnancies affects brain development. c. ?Older brothers are likely to deride and belittle the youngest brother, creating a more sensitive, fearful, and confused individual. d. ?Older brothers are more likely to protect and guard the youngest brother, shielding him from rough-and-tumble play and traditional masculine rituals.
When discussing their marriage, Meg and Ryan agree that what appears to keep them together and happy is the fact that they share many of the same values. This exemplifies ____, which is a good predictor of marital success
a. monogamy b. singlehood c. homogamy d. nesting
Dwight is convinced that the wheezing he has been experiencing for the past three months is a sign of cancer. He has been to four different doctors who have all told Dwight that his wheezing is due to allergies. However, Dwight refuses to take the antihistamines that have been prescribed because he is convinced that all these doctors are wrong. In this instance, Dwight is showing evidence of:
a. the framing effect b. functional fixedness c. a confirmation bias d. the availability heuristic