Explain the purposes or rationales for punishment and the arguments in favor of each rationale. Include a discussion about current trends in punishment
What will be an ideal response?
There are two primary rationales for criminal punishment: retribution and prevention. Retribution looks to past crimes and assumes that criminals exercised their free will and chose to break the law. According to this theory, punishment is just desserts. Prevention is forward-looking and is designed to prevent future crimes. The prevention rationale includes general and specific deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. Since the mid-1980s, criminal justice reformers have emphasized retribution and punishment as the most important rationales.
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States have tended to follow the U.S. Sentencing Commission guidelines, which are currently ______ and which, until recently, set very lengthy sentences.
a. mandatory b. under appeal c. only advisory d. none of these
Neighborhood-level risk factors that increase the likelihood of recurring victimization include all except which of the following?
A. cohesive neighborhood B. neighborhoods with many single-parent households C. urban setting D. dangerousness
This Supreme Court case is generally considered to have influenced the four standards of mental health care within jails and prisons.
a. Vitek v. Jones (1980) b. Turner v. Safley (1987) c. Ruiz v. Estelle (1980) d. Glover v. Johnson (1988)
What is the same a preliminary hearing and a grand jury proceeding?
A. both proceedings are open to the public B. the defendant and his counsel appear at both proceedings C. a judge presides over both proceedings D. both proceedings can lead to further prosecution of the defendant