Pick four integrated theories. How do these theories build on past theories and research?
What will be an ideal response?
Social support and coercion theory combines aspects of control and differential association–social learning theory. The 1995 National Survey of Adolescents (NSA) found support for the role of coercion on delinquent behavior. In a recent study, Kurtz, Linnemann, and Green (2013) tested several aspects of differential social support and coercion theory.
Elliot and colleagues’ strain-control paradigm builds on past theories because it integrates the three major trajectories in criminology, that is, control, strain, and differential association–social learning. This paradigm has also been evaluated using the National Youth Survey Family Study (NYSFS).
Braithwaite’s theory of reintegrative shaming combines aspects of control, subcultural, and social learning theories. A great deal of research has been conducted on this theory. For example, Braithwaite’s (2001) book Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation and Murphy and Harris’s (2007) follow-up study examined how shaming applied to white-collar offending.
Agnew’s general strain theory expands on earlier strain theories by more closely examining the social psychological and interpersonal aspects of stress and anger. Tittle and his colleagues have tested this theory and offered some ideas about how to revise it to more closely fit the data.
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Which of the following is not a criteria for the framework of just punishment discussed by Steffen (2012)?
a. The motivation for punishment must be vengeance. b. Punishment should restore a “value equilibrium” distorted and disturbed by the wrongdoing. c. Punishments should not be cruel and should be the least harsh sentence. d. The punishment and sentence must be properly authorized.
Youthful offenders and offenders convicted of minor violations are most likely to be sentenced to ____________________.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
A habeas corpus proceeding, which is a separate civil action that does not challenge the guilt of the defendant but challenges the lawfulness of the defendant's imprisonment, is referred to as:
a. a collateral attack. b. a writ of error. c. an injunction. d. a collateral estoppel.
Which of the following is not a key element of corrupt behavior?
A. it involves a reward or personal gain for the officer B. it is kept hidden from upper management C. it is prohibited by law or rule D. it involves misuse of position