Compare and contrast positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and explain how these may both be caused by hypofrontality.
What will be an ideal response?
Positive symptoms represent additions to normal behaviors. Hallucinations are perceptions that occur in the absence of a sensory stimulus. Delusions are incorrect beliefs that are resistant to change. Negative symptoms are represented by behaviors that are missing, such as poverty of speech or flattened emotional response. Overactivity of the dopamine system is thought to play a key role in the production of positive symptoms. Antipsychotic drugs block dopamine receptors, and stimulation of dopamine results in positive symptoms. Negative symptoms are also seen after brain trauma, and it appears that degeneration/loss of brain neurons occurs in schizophrenia. Hypofrontality that is responsible for negative symptoms may also cause positive symptoms because the dlPFC normally has inhibitory control over the mesolimbic pathway. In hypofrontality, this control is diminished, resulting in increased activity in the mesolimbic pathway.
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