General guidelines for conducting a pediatric physical examination include which of the following?
a. Allow younger children to sit on their caregiver's lap during as much of the examination as possible.
b. Always interview children of all ages in the presence of the caregiver.
c. Establish eye contact with toddlers and preschoolers early to lessen anxiety.
d. Perform procedures such as inspecting the ears while the child is sleeping, if possible, to avoid discomfort and crying.
A
To help reduce anxiety and uncooperativeness, especially when examining young children, have a familiar caregiver present during the examination. To promote the child's feeling of security, allow the infant who cannot sit up and the younger child to sit on the caregivers lap for as much of the examination as possible. Interview the older school-age child or adolescent separately, without the caregiver. Talking to the individual without the caregiver present may yield important information not gained during a group interview (e.g., that the patient is using drugs). Until the infant or toddler is comfortable, maintain eye contact with the caregiver while the examination is taking place. If the child is sleeping, take advantage of the situation by performing simple procedures (length, head circumference) and system examination that require a quiet room (such as the cardiac or respiratory examinations) first.
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