If, after power analysis, a researcher's interventional study findings are nonsignificant, what might this imply? (Select all that apply.)
a. The effect size was smaller than originally expected.
b. The effect size was larger than originally expected.
c. The operational definition of the independent variable was faulty.
d. The operational definition of the dependent variable was faulty.
e. A type I error occurred.
f. A type II error occurred.
g. The intervention is not an effective one.
ANS: A, C, D, F, G
Negative results could be due to inappropriate methodology, a deviant sample, problems with internal validity, inadequate measurement, poor variable definition, the use of weak statistical techniques, or faulty analysis. Negative results, in any case, do not mean that there are no relationships among the variables or differences between groups; they indicate that the study failed to find any. The sample size was initially judged to have been adequate enough to prevent the risk of a type II error, based on initial calculations, but if the effect size was very small, a type II error might have occurred. The negative results could be a true reflection of reality. In this case, the reasoning of the researcher or the theory used by the researcher to develop the hypothesis is in error.
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