Directional statements are relational statements with the specific relationship between variables defined. These are diagrammatically represented by letters and arrows. The diagram B D means which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. B causes D only a small amount of the time.
b. When D is high, B is low in value.
c. When B is high, D is low in value.
d. There is no relationship between B and D.
e. B is smaller than D.
f. D is smaller than B.
ANS: B, C
A relational statement declares that a relationship of some kind exists between or among two or more concepts. Relational statements describe the direction, shape, strength, symmetry, sequencing, probability of occurrence, necessity, and sufficiency of a relationship. The direction of a relationship may be positive, negative, or unknown. A positive linear relationship implies that as one concept (the value or amount of the concept increases or decreases), the second concept will also change in the same direction. For example, the literary statement "The risk of illness (A) increases as stress (B) increases" expresses a positive relationship. This positive relational statement could also be expressed as "The risk of illness decreases as stress decreases." Diagrammatically, this relationship could be depicted as follows: B A. Diagrammatically, A B depicts a negative relationship and A B depicts that the relationship between the variables is unknown.
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